In 2023-2024, the world faced a significant coral bleaching event impacting 84% of the global reefs in 83 countries, attributed to ocean warming and marine heatwaves. Research revealed notable adaptive behaviors in adult clownfish that could aid in their survival amid escalating ocean temperatures.

Summary:

• Global Coral Bleaching: An unprecedented coral bleaching event affected 84% of the world's reefs across 83 countries in 2023-2024, linked primarily to rising ocean temperatures.
• Impact of Heatwaves: Marine heatwaves, characterized by extended periods of above-average sea surface temperatures, have serious implications for marine ecosystems and the industries that depend on them.
• Study on Clownfish: A recent study published in Science Advances on May 21 explored the adaptive responses of wild clownfish (Amphiprion percula) amid these environmental stresses.
• Research Methodology: Researchers from the UK and US studied 67 breeding pairs of clownfish in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, over approximately 180 days. They measured fish lengths periodically and monitored water temperatures using sensors.
• Findings on Body Size Changes: The study found that 71% of female and 79% of male clownfish experienced shrinkage at least once during the heatwave, with 41% showing multiple instances of shrinkage. Female clownfish typically shrank at lengths exceeding 80 mm, while males did so above 61 mm.
• Adaptive Shrinking Mechanisms: Fish that shrank more displayed greater resilience and ability to grow back when conditions improved. Higher temperatures associated with the current month promoted growth, while previous heat exposure led to shrinkage, indicating a stressed response pattern.
• Behavioral Insights: Clownfish adjusted their size in relation to their partners to mitigate aggression and competitive conflict, suggesting social dynamics play a role in their size adaptation.
• Mortality Rates: The study observed low mortality rates, with only 11 clownfish dying during the event. Those that did not experience shrinkage faced the highest death rates, whereas a single occurrence of shrinkage reduced the risk of death by 78%.
• Survival and Coordination: The survival rate improved significantly when both partners shrank together, indicating that synchronized size adjustments could lower conflict and metabolic strain on the fish.
• Implications for Population Survival: The ability of clownfish to shrink in size could enhance the survival of reef fish populations facing increasing frequencies of marine heatwaves. However, this adaptive measure might affect future reproductive capabilities, as smaller adults generally produce fewer eggs.

Important Sentences:

• The coral bleaching event in 2023-2024 affected 84% of the world’s reefs.
• The event has been linked to ocean warming and marine heatwaves.
• Adult clownfish have shown the ability to shrink and regrow as an adaptation to heat stress.
• Researchers tracked clownfish for 180 days, measuring both physical changes and environmental conditions.
• A significant percentage of clownfish exhibited shrinkage during the heatwave, with varied patterns based on sex and size.
• Shrinking helped clownfish reduce metabolic costs and maintain social order.
• The adaptive shrinkage mechanism may benefit the long-term survival of clownfish but could negatively impact their future reproduction capacities.

A recent study from ETH Zurich has highlighted the growing intensity and shifting patterns of tropical cyclones as climate change progresses, particularly under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, which assumes significant global warming due to fossil fuel use. This research underscores a critical need to understand and anticipate the new threats posed by these storms amid climate changes.

Summary:

• Powerful Storms and Climate Change: Cyclones are natural phenomena, but climate change intensifies their impact and expands their reach into regions previously unaffected.
• Study Details: ETH Zurich's study used the CLIMADA risk modeling platform, examining changes in cyclone patterns and their effects from 1980-2017 and projected from 2015-2050 under the SSP5-8.5 scenario.
• SSP Framework: The shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) framework was employed to explore various global climate scenarios. The SSP5-8.5 scenario implies severe environmental consequences tied to high fossil fuel consumption and significant warming.
• Mangrove Risk Assessment: A follow-up study indicated that around half of the world's mangroves could be at severe risk by 2100 due to climate change's impact on tropical cyclones and rising sea levels.
• Ecoregion Classification: The researchers categorized terrestrial ecoregions based on their cyclone exposure:
  • Resilient (able to recover),
  • Dependent (cyclical disturbance shaping ecosystem),
  • Vulnerable (rarely disturbed, slow recovery).
• Projected Changes in Cyclone Activity: The study models predict a decline in the time between high-intensity storms from an average of 19 years (1980-2017) to just 12 years (2015-2050).
• Regional Risk Assessment: Coastal regions like East Asia, Central America, and the Caribbean face significant changes in cyclone activity. Some regions, such as the Philippines, may experience unprecedented cyclone frequencies.
• Magnitudes of Risk: In the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the risk to mangroves is projected to be high, with Southeast Asia bearing the brunt. Models indicate that even under the SSP3-7.0 scenario, mangroves that protect populations in Southeast Asia will face severe risks.
• Impact on Ecosystem Services: The deterioration of mangrove ecosystems could undermine their crucial roles in carbon storage, coastal protection, and biodiversity support, potentially leading to ecosystem state shifts that could be irreversible.
• Awareness of Future Risks: Researchers emphasized the importance of incorporating extended recovery timelines into risk assessments and conservation planning to better adapt to shifting cyclone patterns.
• Need for Urgency in Addressing Climate Change: There is a call for immediate global commitment to reduce fossil fuel dependency and adhere to the Paris Agreement to mitigate these impending risks.

Important Points:

• Cyclones are intensifying and moving into new geographic areas due to climate change.
• The ETH Zurich study highlights the urgent need for global action on climate change.
• By 2100, nearly half of the world's mangroves may be at high risk, impacting coastal communities and ecosystems.
• Key regions like Southeast Asia are predicted to suffer the most from these changes.
• Adaptation strategies and long-term planning are necessary to face the shift in cyclone patterns and their consequences.
• The study reflects the potential long-term ecological disruption if current trends persist.

Overall, the findings of these studies present a crucial warning about how climate change may drastically alter the dynamics of tropical cyclones and their broader implications for global ecosystems and human communities.

Bengaluru has been severely affected by heavy pre-monsoon rainfall, resulting in significant flooding throughout the city. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that Bengaluru received 130 mm of rain over a 12-hour period, leading to three fatalities and the flooding of over 500 homes. Several lakes in the area have reached capacity, prompting a red alert for seven districts in Karnataka. As of Tuesday, the forecast indicates that heavy rain, thunderstorms, and lightning will continue for several days.

Key Highlights:

• Severe Rainfall: Bengaluru experienced 130 mm of rainfall in a single day, leading to widespread disruptions.
• Fatalities and Damage: Three individuals died, and over 500 homes were flooded as at least 20 lakes reached their limits.
• Weather Warnings: IMD issued a red alert for seven districts and flash flood warnings for these areas.
• Ongoing Challenges: Areas such as Yelahanka, Kengeri, and Koramangala faced significant flooding and damage to homes, vehicles, and infrastructure.
• Urban Topography Issues: Bengaluru's flooding issues are exacerbated by its elevation, lack of major drainage systems, rampant urban expansion, and encroachment on water bodies.
• Environmental Concerns: Experts have criticized the outdated drainage system, which cannot handle the current population and rainfall intensity. The stormwater drains are often blocked by solid waste.

The Karnataka government has acknowledged the flooding problem and is taking steps to mitigate it. BBMP Administrator Tushar Giri Nath identified poor drainage caused by ongoing construction as a key issue. He has instructed expedited completion of the road-widening project affecting drainage. Deputy Chief Minister DK Shivakumar reported that 210 flood-prone areas have been identified, with 70% of the flooding issues already addressed. A control room has also been established by BBMP for citizen grievances related to flooding.

Summary Point Breakdown:

• Heavy rainfall caused Bengaluru to be severely affected, with rain measurements leading to mortality and massive home flooding.
• IMD issued critical weather alerts, forecasting continued adverse weather conditions.
• Areas like Yelahanka and Koramangala reported significant flooding and numerous damaged vehicles and residences.
• The city’s inadequate drainage systems and unplanned urban expansion are cited as contributing factors to the annual flooding crisis.
• Government responses include identifying flood-prone areas, accelerating drainage projects, and ensuring public safety through the establishment of a complaints control room.

This comprehensive scenario indicates an urgent need for better urban planning and infrastructure to address Bengaluru's recurring flooding challenges.

Summary of the Article

The article emphasizes the rising heat concerns in India, alongside the challenges posed to the electricity supply and infrastructure as demand surges in response to increasing temperatures. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has reported heatwave warnings in several states, while a study reveals that over half of India’s districts are at high risk for extreme heat. This situation puts pressure on both residential life and the economy, especially during peak summer months when electricity demands and cooling costs peak.

Key Points:

• Weather Patterns and Heat Concern:

  • Despite wetter conditions in April and May, heat remains a significant issue.
  • IMD warns of heatwaves in Rajasthan and Haryana, with overall above-normal temperatures expected.

• Rising Heat Risk:

  • A study by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) indicates 57% of districts face "high" to "very high" heat risk.
  • Increased demand for electricity is straining the power grid and impacting lives.

• Electricity Demand Increase:

  • In April 2024, India's peak electricity demand rose by 5% compared to the previous year, largely due to increased use of air conditioning.
  • Space cooling is a primary factor in this escalating electricity demand.

• Renewable Energy and Infrastructure Solutions:

  • The article suggests transitioning to renewable energy to mitigate carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
  • A renewables target could save ₹42,400 crore ($5 billion), create jobs, and significantly reduce air pollution by 23%.

• Strengthening Distribution Networks:

  • Power distribution companies (discoms) must enhance infrastructure to keep pace with rising demand.
  • The failure rate of distribution transformers increased, affecting reliability and leading to power cuts.

• Innovative Demand Management:

  • Cities like Delhi and Mumbai are piloting smart meters that help manage demand by reducing peak load during heat spells.
  • Time-of-Day tariffs incentivize energy use during off-peak periods to alleviate stress on the grid.

• Consumer Active Participation:

  • Consumers are encouraged to adopt energy-efficient appliances and practices to reduce individual energy demand.
  • Utilizing cool roofing materials can dramatically lower indoor temperatures and thereby decrease the need for air conditioning.

• Government Policies and Initiatives:

  • Telangana’s Cool Roof Policy aims for extensive cool roof coverage by 2028, demonstrating large-scale measures that can improve energy efficiency.
  • Coordination between Union and State agencies is crucial to navigate the challenges associated with clean energy implementation.

• Future Outlook:

  • As cooling needs rise, the article calls for a strategic framework to enhance understanding and resilience of the power system.
  • There's an acknowledgment that adapting infrastructure and consumer habits is paramount in facing ongoing and eventual heat challenges.

Overall, the article presents a comprehensive view of the impending challenges brought about by climate change, particularly in the context of electricity demand during extreme heat, while also offering actionable solutions to enhance energy resilience through technology, policy, and consumer behavior.

Summary:

Biodiversity, integral to human survival and prosperity, faces a significant threat, with about 25% of species facing extinction. This year, the International Day for Biological Diversity emphasizes “Harmony with nature and sustainable development,” commemorating the Convention on Biological Diversity's adoption in 1992. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) sets ambitious goals to conserve 30% of terrestrial and marine biodiversity by 2030, emphasizing the creation and management of urban green spaces.

However, urban biodiversity is increasingly endangered by unplanned development and urbanization, as nearly half of the global population lives in cities, projected to rise to 70% by 2050. Urban spaces are often prioritized for development at the expense of greenery, which presents numerous health and economic benefits. For example, urban trees help mitigate urban heat, control pollution, and provide nature-based recreational spaces. Economically, the services provided by urban trees are valued at approximately ₹8 crore per square kilometer.

The Forest Survey of India has reported that major cities have forest covers averaging only 10.26%. Urban areas like Chennai and Hyderabad have notably lost substantial greenery between 2021 and 2023. The GBF provides a structure for urban planners, supporting biodiversity conservation by promoting native species and public well-being.

The UN Habitat's 3-30-300 rule urges tree coverage in urban areas, suggesting that every home should have a view of at least three trees and that neighborhoods should boast 30% tree canopy cover. The implementation of a city biodiversity index allows assessment of urban biodiversity, assisting local governments to formulate biodiversity strategies.

Successful initiatives, like the greening of Chennai's Koyambedu market, showcase urban greening's potential, revealing the restoration of diverse native species and attracting various birds and butterflies. However, ongoing urbanization threatens vital water bodies, necessitating comprehensive ecological restoration efforts alongside existing legal protections.

Local authorities like the Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) are urged to integrate tree-planting mandates in building permits, promote home gardens, and safeguard against pollution and encroachment. Recent judgments from the Supreme Court of India emphasize the necessity of protecting urban greenery and biodiversity from destructive development plans.

It is crucial for city management to adopt sustainable approaches, including stakeholder involvement—from resident associations to NGOs—transforming biodiversity conservation into a public endeavor. The commitment to planning for sustainability should also involve communities in protecting environmental resources, ensuring a balanced coexistence between development and biodiversity.

Key Points:

• Biodiversity crisis: 25% of species at risk of extinction; essential for human well-being and economic health.
• International Day for Biological Diversity emphasizes “Harmony with nature and sustainable development”; marks the CBD's 1992 adoption.
• Kunming-Montreal GBF targets conserving 30% of biodiversity by 2030, focusing on urban green space integration.
• Urbanization threat: Nearly 50% of people live in cities; lack of green space due to development.
• Benefits of urban greenery: Mitigate heat and pollution, enhance aesthetics, economically valued at ₹8 crore per km².
• Current forest cover: Average of 10.26% in major Indian cities, declining in Chennai and Hyderabad.
• UN 3-30-300 rule: Encourages urban tree canopy and accessibility within walking distance.
• Sustainable urban strategies: Implement city biodiversity indices and enhance native plant propagation.
• Successful examples: Koyambedu market's greening showcases effective urban biodiversity restoration.
• Environmental protection laws: Essential to prevent ecological degradation in cities.
• Community involvement: Collaboration among all stakeholders is vital for sustainable urban biodiversity management.

The article discusses the pressing challenges and strategies surrounding climate change adaptation in India, highlighting the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to climate risk management. Key points include:

• Rising Climate Threats: India faces significant climate challenges as evidenced by rising temperatures, erratic monsoons, and intensifying disasters, with over 80% of the population living in areas at risk of climate-induced calamities.

• Systemic Risks: Extreme weather events like floods and heatwaves threaten economic stability, public health, and national security. The country's adaptive capacity is hindered by gaps in risk assessment frameworks that lead to reactive rather than proactive strategies.

• Understanding Climate Physical Risks (CPRs): CPRs concern both acute climatic shocks (e.g., floods) and chronic stresses (e.g., shifting monsoon patterns). They necessitate a long-term planning approach, contrasting with short-term weather forecasts.

• Mitigation vs. Adaptation Funding: While global funding disproportionately favors mitigation efforts (like renewable energy and decarbonization), investing in adaptation strategies is economically beneficial. The UN Environment Programme suggests that every dollar spent on adaptation can yield a fourfold return.

• Framework for Climate Risk: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change outlines that the expected value of CPR relates to hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, guiding understanding of climate risk.

• Regulatory Shifts: There's a global shift towards mandatory climate risk disclosures, with India’s Reserve Bank incorporating climate risks into its regulatory framework. This emphasizes that understanding climate risks is essential for business continuity.

• Fragmented Assessment Approach in India: India’s climate risk assessment efforts are disjointed, with various government and research institutions using different methodologies. This fragmentation complicates reliable projections and informed decision-making.

• Challenges with Global Models: Current global climate models are inadequate for capturing India’s unique climate impacts, stressing the need for localized data.

• Steps Towards a Comprehensive Strategy: India is working on its National Adaptation Plan through the Adaptation Communication, aimed at aligning with the Paris Agreement. Efforts are underway to enhance the NAP, but a more structured tool for climate risk assessment is necessary.

• Call for a Specific Tool: The article emphasizes the need for a robust India-centric climate risk assessment tool that consolidates local climate data, supports decision-making for both public and private sectors, and integrates adaptive strategies into long-term planning.

• Vision for Viksit Bharat: As India progresses towards "Viksit Bharat" (Developed India), emphasis on thorough climate assessments is crucial to ensure sustainable and resilient future development.

In summary, India's climate future requires immediate attention to building robust adaptation strategies, which necessitates an organized and proactive approach to managing climate risks. Without a unified and comprehensive framework, the country risks exacerbating its vulnerabilities, making the establishment of a dedicated climate risk assessment tool imperative for future resiliency.

The Olive Ridley turtle, classified as a vulnerable species, gained attention earlier this year due to a record number of seventy thousand turtles nesting at Rushikulya beach in Odisha, India. This phenomenon, known as “arribada,” raised concerns for conservationists about the implications of human interventions on these sea turtles’ behavior and future.

Summary:

• Record Nesting Event: In March, a remarkable seven lakh (700,000) Olive Ridley turtles nested at Rushikulya beach in Odisha.
• Arribada Phenomenon: This mass nesting event, referred to as “arribada” (Spanish for “arrival”), highlights both joy and concern about the turtles’ future amid human impact.
• Population Decline: Despite localized population increases, the global population of Olive Ridleys has decreased by 30-50% since 1960, according to the IUCN Red List.
• Nesting Sites: Olive Ridley turtles primarily nest along the Pacific coasts of Mexico and Central America, with significant sites also in Odisha. The state's coastline has three major nesting beaches: Gahirmatha, Devi, and Rushikulya.
• Philopatry: The turtles exhibit a behavior called philopatry, where they return to their natal nesting sites after decades, guided by local magnetic fields.
• Ecological Factors: Other factors influencing nesting site selection include salinity, land slope, predation risk, rainfall, and proximity to nutrient-rich cold-core eddies.
• Competition for Nesting Sites: Increased turtle populations may lead to overcrowding at nesting sites, with turtles potentially disturbing existing nests, leading to broken eggs and attracting predators.
• Impact of Rising Temperatures: Temperature affects the sex of hatchlings, with higher temperatures resulting in more female hatchlings, further reinforcing nesting at warmer beaches.
• Genetic Concerns: Conservation efforts like artificial egg incubation may inadvertently decrease genetic resilience by allowing weaker individuals to survive and reproduce.
• Community Involvement: Local communities play a crucial role in conservation, helping protect nests and curb poaching. However, excessive tourism related to turtle nesting can stress these animals.
• Tourism Challenges: Increased turtle tourism can lead to disturbances, including unnecessary human interaction, which may disrupt nesting behavior and affect the turtles’ long-term nesting fidelity.
• Ethical Responsibility: The focus of conservation efforts must shift from merely increasing numbers to ensuring the ecological integrity of nesting sites, emphasizing a balance between tourism and environmental safeguarding.

Key Points:

• Olive Ridley turtles have shown resilience through historical challenges but are facing new threats, particularly from human interactions and climate change.
• Their nesting behaviors and future populations are intimately linked to ecological health and human ethical responsibilities.
• Conservation practices should adapt to consider not only population growth but the long-term sustainability of nesting traditions and beaches.

Ultimately, as human influence grows, the responsibility to maintain the ecological balance for the Olive Ridley turtles and their habitats becomes increasingly urgent.

The news article discusses the implications of recent Supreme Court rulings on environmental clearances in India, highlighting concerns about the government's approach to balancing development and environmental sustainability. The backdrop to these rulings is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Rules of 2006, which were intended to protect ecosystems and public health. However, changes made to these rules over the years have been criticized for undermining their effectiveness.

Key points from the article are as follows:

• Purpose of Environmental Clearances: Environmental clearances are designed to ensure developmental projects do not harm ecosystems, wildlife, or public health, maintaining a balance between development and sustainability.

• EIA Rules of 2006: These rules were established to facilitate responsible policymaking in development, necessitating assessments of environmental impact before project approval.

• Post-Facto Clearances Initiated: In 2017, an amendment allowed projects to begin without prior environmental clearance, creating a system where developers could obtain retroactive approvals.

• 2021 Memorandum: An Office Memorandum issued in 2021 targeted handling violations related to environmental clearances, further consolidating the regime of post-facto clearances.

• Supreme Court Interventions: The Supreme Court has intervened multiple times, notably striking down the 2017 notification and the 2021 OM on May 16, asserting that the government has been protective of those violating environmental laws, thereby jeopardizing public health and ecosystems.

• Historical Context of Court Rulings: Previous Supreme Court cases have criticized the government for neglecting environmental regulations, highlighting serious lapses in granting clearances for large-scale mining and industrial activities.

• Impact of Regulatory Laxity: An analysis indicated that the relaxation of EIA regulations since 2017 allowed over 50 projects, including several polluting industries, to proceed without proper environmental scrutiny.

• Right to a Healthy Environment: The Supreme Court has expanded the scope of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution to encompass the right to a healthy environment, linking this right to the urgent need for regulatory diligence.

• Government's View on Sustainability: The article criticizes the common governmental tendency to treat sustainability and development as opposing forces, often prioritizing ease of business over environmental protection.

• Message to Policymakers: The Supreme Court emphasizes that environmental conservation is integral to the concept of development, urging policymakers to reconsider their approach to regulatory processes.

Overall, the article underscores a critical reflection on the balance between development and environmental protection, reinforcing the need for strict adherence to EIA protocols and greater responsibility from policymakers to safeguard public and ecological health.

The article discusses the increasing global interest in a "modal shift" from road and air transport to railways for both passengers and freight. This transition is driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as transportation accounts for nearly a quarter of the world’s energy-related carbon emissions. Rail travel is significantly cleaner, producing fewer carbon emissions per passenger-kilometer compared to buses, planes, and cars. However, the use of rail for both freight and passenger transport is declining worldwide, particularly as road transport grows rapidly, especially in emerging economies like India and China.

Key points from the article include:

• A "modal shift" indicates the movement of transportation modes from roads and flights to railways, emphasizing reducing environmental impacts.
• Cars, buses, and trucks are major contributors to CO2 emissions. Road transport produces significantly higher emissions compared to railways, with trains emitting about 19 grams of CO2 per passenger/kilometer.
• Between 2007 and 2021, the global rail share of freight transport dropped from 51% to 40%, and for passenger transport from 12% to 8%, largely due to the rapid expansion of road networks.
• In lower-income countries, a continuation of current trends could result in a 16% rise in greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector.
• Conversely, encouraging a shift to rail could prevent up to 1.8 billion tons of carbon emissions by 2050.
• The European Union is pioneering initiatives to move 30% of road freight to rail by 2030 and over 50% by 2050.
• China has made strides in shifting freight to rail, contributing to reduced road traffic and a cleaner environment.
• In India, despite having a vast railway network, road transport grows due to improved infrastructure.
• The Indian government's National Rail Plan aims for a 45% freight modal share for rail by 2030, along with plans to improve passenger rail use.
• Urban metro systems in cities like Delhi and Mumbai are facilitating modal shifts; the Delhi Metro has significantly reduced the number of vehicles on the road and lowered CO2 emissions.
• With India being a leading greenhouse gas emitter, the government aims for net-zero emissions by 2070, requiring substantial reductions in transport sector emissions.
• India has the potential to generate carbon credits through reduced emissions from increased rail usage, which could be sold to fund green projects.
• However, careful planning is necessary to align local benefits with international objectives, ensuring compliance with stringent regulations on carbon credits.
• A transition to electric trains requires a shift to renewable energy sources to enhance the sustainability of transportation.
• Ultimately, the mode shift from roads to rails is portrayed not just as a logistical change but as a crucial step toward building a cleaner, safer, and more sustainable future for India and setting an example globally.

In conclusion, the article highlights the urgent need for a modal shift to rail transport in order to combat climate change, improve economic conditions, and enhance the quality of life—especially important as India strives to meet its climate goals. With proper investment and planning, this transition presents a unique opportunity for sustainable development.

The summer of 2025 in India has shown unusual weather patterns characterized by high day temperatures not exceeding typical summer highs, absence of heatwaves, and a significant increase in rainfall in many regions, especially notable for the month of May. Key observations and trends made by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) include:

• Temperature Trends:

  • No record-breaking temperatures have been observed from March to mid-May, with temperatures generally remaining normal across most parts of India.
  • April experienced some short heatwave spells in regions like Maharashtra, Odisha, and Jammu and Kashmir, while Gujarat and Rajasthan experienced slightly longer episodes of heat.
  • The Core Heatwave Zone (CHZ) that typically faces intense heat from March to June has largely avoided significant heatwave conditions so far this year.

• Rainfall Patterns:

  • Southern Peninsular India has seen intermittent rainfall throughout the pre-monsoon season, which commenced in April and continued into May, resulting in a wetter-than-usual summer.
  • May is usually marked by higher daytime temperatures across North, Northwest, and Central India; however, these regions have only encountered heatwave conditions on one day, May 1, in a small area of southwest Rajasthan.

• Weather Influences:

  • Frequent western disturbances originating from the Mediterranean have passed through India, enhancing rainfall events and maintaining cooler temperatures across various regions. There have been four such disturbances in March and April, and two additional ones reported in May.
  • Moisture influx from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea has contributed to increased rainfall and thundershowers, substantially lowering maximum temperatures by 5-7 degrees Celsius after thunderstorms.

• May Weather Specifics:

  • The month has been described as exceptionally wet, with significant rainfall particularly in South and Central Indian areas. The average rainfall during the week of May 2-8 recorded a 20% surplus, while the subsequent week continued to witness ample rainfall due to ongoing disturbances, sustaining a 35% above-normal rainfall rate.

• Temperature and Rainfall Comparisons:

  • From May 8 to May 14, maximum temperatures across West, Central, and Eastern India were reported to be 3-5 degrees Celsius below normal, as well as the minimum temperatures in the East and Central regions being 1-3 degrees Celsius below normal.

• Monsoon Considerations:

  • The southwest monsoon, marking a critical shift in weather patterns for the region, is anticipated to begin its arrival in India, potentially impacting Kerala by May 27.
  • Even with temperatures remaining normal or below, there is a forecasted development of heatwave conditions in Northwest India, particularly in Rajasthan and Haryana, towards the end of May.

In summary, the summer of 2025 features an atypical weather pattern in India, where cooler-than-average temperatures and increased rainfall are prevailing, likely influenced by western disturbances and moisture influx. The anticipated onset of the monsoon later this month may further influence the ongoing climatic conditions and agricultural planning.

Key Points:

• 2025 saw unusual weather with normal temperatures and a lack of heatwaves up to mid-May.
• Exceptional rainfall has characterized May, deviating from the usual heatwave conditions.
• Frequent western disturbances have been responsible for increased rainfall and cooler temperatures.
• Significant temperature drops followed thunderstorms, maintaining lower overall temperature averages.
• The southwest monsoon is expected to hit the Indian coast around May 27, potentially influencing further weather trends.

The article discusses the crucial role of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) in safeguarding ecosystems, wildlife, and public health within developmental projects in India. However, recent years have seen a significant undermining of these standards, particularly through changes made by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Here are the key points presented in the article:

• Role of Environmental Clearances: Environmental clearances are designed to ensure that developmental projects do not harm ecosystems, wildlife, or public health. They are intended to foster a balance between development and sustainability as per the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Rules of 2006.

• Policy Changes: In 2017, a notification from MoEFCC allowed developers to obtain environmental clearances after commencing their projects, creating a system of post-facto clearances. This practice was further solidified in 2021 with an Office Memorandum aimed at handling violations.

• Supreme Court Intervention: The Supreme Court of India has criticized the government for protecting entities that harm the environment. On May 16, a two-judge bench struck down the 2017 notification and the 2021 OM as unconstitutional.

• Previous Court Rulings: The article references earlier cases, including Common Cause vs Union of India (2017), where the court identified serious lapses in allowing large-scale mining without the required clearances. Additionally, in 2020, the Supreme Court stated that post-facto clearances contradict fundamental environmental principles.

• Consequences of Lax Regulations: The regulatory laxity since the 2017 notification has enabled over 50 projects, including coal and iron mines and cement plants, to advance without proper environmental scrutiny. This scenario has raised concerns about its consequences on public health and the environment.

• Environmental Jurisprudence: The Supreme Court has progressively expanded Article 21, which guarantees the right to life, to include the right to a healthy environment. The latest ruling reaffirms the relationship between regulatory diligence and the right to life amidst a growing pollution crisis in urban India.

• Policymaking Flaws: The article points out the governmental perspective that often views development and sustainability as opposing priorities, prioritizing business ease over environmental protection. The Supreme Court emphasizes that environmental conservation should be integral to the development process.

• Need for Change in Government Attitude: It is crucial for policymakers to recognize that development and environmental conservation are not mutually exclusive. The court's assertion that "conservation of the environment and its improvement is essential to the concept of development" should guide regulatory processes moving forward.

In conclusion, the article outlines the significant legal and environmental implications resulting from the government’s previous policies on environmental clearances and emphasizes the Supreme Court's insistence on upholding strict environmental standards in relation to developmental projects in India.

Important Sentences:

• Environmental clearances are essential for ensuring developmental projects do not harm ecosystems and public health.
• The 2017 notification allowing post-facto clearances undermines the precautionary principle of the EIA Rules.
• The Supreme Court has condemned the government for diluting environmental protections.
• Lax regulatory practices have led to over 50 development projects advancing without proper scrutiny, risking public health and ecological integrity.
• The Court links regulatory diligence with the right to a healthy environment, expanding the interpretation of Article 21.
• There is a need for policymakers to view development and environmental conservation as complementary rather than opposing forces.

On May 16, 2023, the Supreme Court of India made a significant ruling against the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), declaring a 2017 notification and a subsequent 2021 office memorandum illegal, which allowed for ex-post facto clearances. This ruling stemmed from multiple petitions challenging these notifications, which aimed to provide post facto environmental clearances for projects that had already begun without prior approval.

Key Points of the Supreme Court's Judgment:

• Background of the Notifications: The 2017 notification created a platform for industries to apply for a one-time, six-month grace period for environmental clearance after commencing operations or expanding production unlawfully. This was meant to bring violators within the compliance framework without leaving violations unchecked.

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Under the EIA Notification of 2006, environmental clearances are mandatory for scrutinizing a project's potential impact on the environment and public health. This requirement includes a comprehensive review process involving screening, impact assessment, and public hearings, culminating in recommendations from expert appraisal committees.

• Supreme Court's Critique: The court criticized the government for attempting to protect parties responsible for environmental violations, raising concerns about whether development could occur at the expense of the environment. It emphasized its responsibility to uphold Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty), which includes the right to a healthy environment.

• Legal Precedents: The court referenced previous cases asserting that ex-post facto clearances contradict established environmental law principles. It held that the notifications constituted illegal facilitation of projects that commenced without necessary clearances, violating previous judgments.

• Constitutional Violations: The court concluded that both the 2017 notification and the 2021 office memorandum violated Articles 21 and 14 (right to equality under the law) by effectively granting leeway to companies aware of their non-compliance.

• Dangerous Consequences: The ruling underlined the severe environmental implications, citing alarming pollution levels in urban areas like Delhi, linking these issues to a broader discourse on human lives suffering due to environmental destruction.

• Future Restrictions: The court explicitly forbade the government from issuing similar notifications or guidelines aimed at regularizing projects that contravene environmental regulations, reinforcing its commitment to protect ecological integrity.

Implications of the Ruling:

• The ruling reiterates the judicial system's role in enforcing environmental laws and emphasizes the significance of obtaining necessary approvals before project commencement, essential for maintaining ecological balance.

• It raises awareness about the importance of pre-emptive environmental assessments and highlights the need for stricter adherence to environmental protocols by industry stakeholders.

This judgment reflects the judiciary's deepening engagement with environmental issues in India, reinforcing the legal framework to ensure sustainable development while safeguarding public health and natural resources. The Supreme Court's decisive stance against ex-post facto clearances serves to uphold the principles of environmental jurisprudence and underscores the legal imperative for compliance with environmental regulations.

Important Sentences:

• The Supreme Court struck down a 2017 notification allowing ex-post facto clearances for projects started without approval.
• The court criticized the government for prioritizing development over environmental protection.
• The ruling reinforces the requirement for prior environmental clearances under the EIA Notification of 2006.
• The judgment highlighted the drastic consequences of environmental degradation on public health, citing pollution levels in Delhi.
• The court prohibited future notifications aimed at regularizing environmental law violations, stressing adherence to statutory mandates.

In Madhya Pradesh's Shahdol district, three villagers lost their lives due to separate elephant attacks on the same day, inciting fear among local communities. The victims were collecting tendu leaves in forest areas when they encountered the elephants, which reportedly had strayed from Bandhavgarh. In response to these tragic incidents, Chief Minister Mohan Yadav announced financial assistance of Rs 25 lakh for the legal dependents of each victim.

Summary of the Incidents

• Victims Identified:

  • Umesh Kol (40) from Sanousi village was killed while collecting leaves with his wife; she managed to escape by climbing a tree.
  • Devganiya Baiga (65) from Dhonda village was fatally attacked in the Doda forest.
  • Mohan Lal Patel (80) from Barachh village was killed near Kolhuwa-Ghatwa.

• Nature of Attacks:

  • All incidents involved unexpected encounters with elephants in forested areas.
  • The elephants retreated to the Sanjay Gandhi Tiger Reserve following the attacks.

Rising Human-Elephant Conflict

• The deaths have heightened local concerns regarding human-elephant conflicts, particularly as a herd of over two dozen elephants has been present in the Beohari forests for months.
• A wildlife officer indicated that around 10 elephant deaths due to mycotoxin poisoning were reported in October 2024, heightening awareness of the issue.

Government Response

• The Madhya Pradesh Cabinet has approved a comprehensive Rs 47.11-crore action plan aimed at managing wild elephants and alleviating human-elephant conflicts.

  • Plan Duration: The initiative covers the period from 2023-2024 to 2026-2027.
  • Budget Allocation:
    • Rs 1.52 crore has already been spent during the initial two fiscal years.
    • Future allocations include Rs 20 crore for 2025-2026 and Rs 25.59 crore for 2026-2027.

• Planned Actions:

  • Surveillance and monitoring of elephant behavior both inside and outside protected areas will be reinforced.
  • The plan includes habitat development and infrastructure improvements aimed at reducing human-wildlife conflict.
  • Control rooms with surveillance systems will be established.
  • Expansion of rescue and rehabilitation efforts is also planned.
  • Local villagers, forest staff, and Department officials will receive training to manage conflict zones more effectively.

Key Points

• Three villagers were killed by elephants in Shahdol district, spreading fear in nearby communities.
• Umesh Kol, Devganiya Baiga, and Mohan Lal Patel were the victims, attacked while collecting tendu leaves.
• The incidents highlight the growing concern over human-elephant conflict in the region.
• A government action plan of Rs 47.11 crore has been approved to address these issues and is set to run from 2023-2027.
• The plan involves measures for monitoring, habitat development, surveillance, and training for local communities.

The incidents represent a grave challenge in balancing human activities with wildlife conservation, particularly in regions experiencing increased elephant populations. The government’s response aims to mitigate risks for villagers while ensuring the well-being of the elephant population.

The Supreme Court of India has ruled against the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), declaring a notification issued in 2017 that allowed for ex-post facto clearances of environmental laws as illegal. This decision came in response to multiple petitions challenging the notification. The Court also annulled a subsequent 2021 office memorandum that established a procedural framework for such clearances, emphasizing that the Centre cannot issue similar notifications in the future.

Key Points:

• Supreme Court Judgment: The Court struck down a 2017 notification by the MoEF&CC, which allowed projects to obtain retroactive environmental clearances after construction had commenced.
• 2021 Office Memorandum: This circular, which aimed to streamline the process of post facto clearance for projects, was also invalidated by the court.
• Environment Impact Assessment (EIA): The EIA process, established in 2006, requires prior environmental clearance before starting any project, considering the potential impact on the environment, human health, and social infrastructure.
• Rationale Behind 2017 Notification: The MoEF&CC argued that allowing ex-post facto clearances would help regulate violations instead of leaving them unchecked and ensure that violators are made to remediate environmental damage.
• Supreme Court’s Critique: The Court criticized the Centre for attempting to protect polluters, highlighting a constitutional mandate to guarantee a right to a healthy and pollution-free environment (Article 21).
• Violations of Past Judgments: The Court referenced earlier decisions that deemed post facto clearances incompatible with fundamental principles of environmental law, reiterating that the attempts to introduce such measures were both illegal and went against established legal precedents.
• Outcome: The Supreme Court mandated the Centre not to enact any future regulations akin to the 2017 notification or 2021 SOP, upholding environmental protections and reinforcing the necessity for preventive measures instead of reactive approvals.

Further Implications:

• The ruling casts a significant spotlight on the tensions between development and environmental protection in India, emphasizing the need for projects to adhere to environmental laws from their inception.
• This decision aligns with ongoing debates about sustainable development practices in the country, particularly where economic growth may come at an environmental cost.
• The Supreme Court’s firm stance reiterates the importance of compliance with established environmental laws, aiming to deter future violations and uphold ecological integrity.

In conclusion, the Supreme Court's decision serves as a strong reaffirmation of India's commitment to environmental protection, mandating strict adherence to regulatory frameworks designed to assess and mitigate the impacts of developmental projects on the environment, human health, and society.