Advancements in Genome-Editing Technology

Genome Editing Technology: Indian scientists have developed an indigenous genome-editing technology using Transposon-associated proteins (TnpB) as an alternative to CRISPR-Cas proteins, aimed at modifying plant DNA for enhanced agricultural outcomes.

Patent Details: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was granted a patent for this technology (Systems and Methods for Targeted Genome-Editing in Plants) on September 15, 2025, after filing it on August 31, 2022. An international patent has also been filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty for global protection.

Technical Comparison: TnpB proteins are significantly smaller (400-500 amino acids) compared to Cas9 (1,000-1,400 amino acids) and Cas12a (about 1,300 amino acids). This smaller size facilitates easier delivery into plant cells, unlike the bulkier Cas proteins which require tissue culture for delivery.

Methodology: The genome editing process involves “molecular scissors” (TnpB proteins) acting on specific DNA sequences in concert with guide RNA, which directs the proteins to the target site for alteration. Unlike genetic modification, which introduces foreign DNA, genome editing only modifies existing genes in the plant.

Applications: Two GE rice varieties have been developed using previous methods. The Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) used CRISPR-Cas12a to enhance yields in Samba Mahsuri rice by editing a gene related to grain production. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) utilized CRISPR-Cas9 to develop a drought and salinity-resistant variety (MTU-1010) by editing a tolerance gene. However, commercial cultivation of these varieties is hindered by intellectual property rights (IPR) associated with CRISPR technologies.

Current Status and Negotiations: Negotiations are ongoing between ICAR and corporations like Corteva and Broad Institute regarding license fees for commercial use of the CRISPR-derived GE varieties. ICAR is advocating for waiver of these fees, especially for small and marginal farmers.

Significance of TnpB Technology: The newly developed TnpB-based genome editing system presents opportunities for Indian agriculture by eliminating reliance on foreign patents and technologies, addressing concerns about multinational control of GE technology.

Judicial and Legislative Context: While the article does not mention specific constitutional articles, the developments are essential for understanding the framework around indigenous agricultural technology and the implications for farmers' rights under the Indian Patent System and intellectual property laws.

Scientific Recognition: The findings regarding TnpB genome editing have been published in reputable journals, including Plant Biotechnology, ChemistryEurope, and Nature India, promoting scientific discourse in biotechnology.

Future Outlook: The success of the TnpB system in gaining acceptance among plant biotechnologists and breeders will determine its impact on agricultural productivity and food security in India. Enhancements in genome editing capability may lead to significant agricultural advancements and resilience against environmental stressors.