Aravalli Hills Mining Controversy Overview

Aravalli Hills Mining Controversy: Exam Notes

Key Definitions and Changes

• New Definition of Aravallis: Proposed by the Centre on October 13 and accepted by the Supreme Court on November 20, this definition excludes approximately 90% of the Aravalli range from environmental protections.
• Elevation Criteria: Landforms at an elevation of 100 meters or more above local relief are classed as part of the Aravallis.

Supreme Court Directions

• The Supreme Court has mandated a halt on granting new mining leases in the Aravallis until a sustainable mining management plan is finalized.

Geographic and Ecological Importance

• Age and Formation: The Aravallis are over a billion years old, formed during the Precambrian Era from tectonic collisions.
• Geographic Extent: The range spans approximately 700 km across four states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi, with 560 km in Rajasthan.
• Ecological Function: Acts as an ecological shield, regulates climate, preserves air quality, and prevents desert encroachment from the Thar Desert.

Environmental Services Provided

• Water Recharge: The Aravalli hills recharge aquifers and seasonal rivers, aiding agricultural and drinking water needs.
• Biodiversity: Hosts 22 wildlife sanctuaries, including tiger reserves like Ranthambore and Sariska, and is home to various species including tigers, leopards, and blackbucks.

Current Threats

• Degradation Factors: Urbanization, deforestation, illegal mining, and climate change threaten this ecosystem.
• Deforestation Impact: Leading to substantial gaps in the ecological cover, with effects on wildlife corridors and local livelihoods.

Government Initiatives

• Aravalli Landscape Restoration Action Plan: Documented efforts to restore and protect the ecological integrity of the Aravalli hills, emphasizing its watershed role and addressing degradation.

Economic Context

• Mineral Deposits: The Aravallis are rich in critical minerals (lead, zinc, copper, and rare earth elements) essential for national security, high-technology manufacturing, and energy transition.
• Balance of Interests: While economic interests like mining and real estate pressure must be acknowledged, they pose significant risks to ecological stability.

Judicial and Policy Implications

• The Supreme Court’s directive highlights the need for a comprehensive management strategy before any mining activity can commence.
• The new definition's implications on real estate and development are yet to be fully assessed, calling for enhanced protection for the already stressed mountain range.

Conclusion

• The Aravalli Hills are crucial for environmental protection and biodiversity but face numerous challenges from human activities and economic pressures. The need for sustainable management strategies is imperative to balance ecological integrity with mineral extraction.