Cloud-Seeding Trials for Rain Induction

Exam-Focused Summary on Cloud Seeding Trials in India

1. Historical Context of Cloud Seeding:

   • First experiments in cloud-seeding in India mentioned by P. Koteswaram (IMD) in January 1970, who conducted initial trials in Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur.
   • The first structured cloud-seeding initiative was noted in a 1968 scheme by the Union Ministry of Food and Agriculture, which projected a 20% increase in rainfall through intensive, aircraft-based experiments using a budget of ₹1 crore.

2. Significant Trials and Findings:

   • Tamil Nadu conducted cloud-seeding initiatives during significant drought conditions in the 1970s and 1980s:
     • 1973 trials around Tiruvallur showed no definitive results due to insufficient data.
     • The 1975 project led by a Canadian firm aimed at Chennai and Nilgiris, costing ₹12 lakh. Reports indicated a modest increase in precipitation, though IMD DG Y.P. Rao advised against quick evaluations of success.
     • In 1983, under M.G. Ramachandran's government, a four-member American team reported moderate outcomes after trials.
   • Concerns were raised in 1987 about procurement processes and operational efficiency regarding cloud-seeding aircraft.

3. Judicial and Government Oversight:

   • The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) criticized the acquisition process of an aircraft for cloud-seeding operations due to lack of transparency and accountability.
   • Scientific consensus established that increases in rainfall were generally capped at 20% above normal.

4. Current Developments:

   • Recent cloud-seeding trials conducted by the Delhi government on October 23 and 29 aimed to mitigate pollution rather than address water shortages.
   • Past attempts in Tamil Nadu have seen less emphasis due to improved water supply conditions, including the incorporation of Krishna water and the construction of desalination plants.

5. Constitutional and Policy Framework:

   • No direct constitutional reference relating to cloud seeding operations; however, they intersect with water rights and management under Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) aimed at promoting the welfare of citizens, particularly in drought mitigation.
   • Policies and schemes that enhance water conservation and management are covered under the broader context of environmental protection.

6. Economic Data and Impact:

   • Financial implications of cloud-seeding projects often exceed initial estimates, leading to debates about cost effectiveness and governance.
   • Operations throughout the years included various budgets from ₹1 crore in 1975 to ₹26 lakh in 1983, highlighting significant state investment in weather modification.

7. International Context:

   • Collaboration with foreign experts (Canadian and American teams) indicated international interest and reliance on external technology and expertise in cloud-seeding initiatives.
   • Historical comparisons drawn with cloud-seeding efforts abroad, such as in the USA and Africa.

8. Technological and Scientific Developments:

   • The use of aircraft and radar technology for weather modification has evolved but faces scrutiny regarding scientific validity and environmental ethics.
   • Efforts in research and development within meteorological institutions continue towards improving effectiveness and understanding of artificial precipitation.

In summary, cloud-seeding has a complex history of trials in India, with evolving governmental policies, varying success rates, and a mix of both domestic and international involvement. This spans decades of efforts aimed at managing acute water shortages, particularly in drought-stricken regions.