UPSC Civil Services Current Affairs Articles

Summary of Metro Rail Projects in Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore and Madurai

Constitutional and Policy Framework:

• Metro Rail Policy 2017: Stipulates cities must have a minimum population of 2 million to qualify for a Metro Rail transit system.

Population Data:

• Coimbatore Population (2011 Census): 1.58 million
• Madurai Population (2011 Census): 1.5 million

Governmen

Exam-Focused Notes on the Bengal Famine Memorial Event

Historical Context and Background:

• 1943 Bengal Famine: A significant humanitarian crisis during British colonial rule in India, resulting in an estimated 3 million deaths. Official records initially estimated 1.5 million.
• Events Leading to Famine:
  • The onset of World War II in 1939 shifted British prioritie

Regulatory Challenges of Cryptocurrencies: Exam-Focused Notes

Key Cases and Legal Challenges

• FTX Collapse (2022): Founder Sam Bankman-Fried convicted for fraud and conspiracy to launder money.
• Binance Violation (2023): Founder Changpeng Zhao pleaded guilty to violating U.S. anti-money laundering laws.

Financial Sanctions and Economic Impact

• **Fines and Penalties Globa

Environmental Situation in India

Air Quality and Pollution

• Air Quality Index (AQI): On November 12, 2025, Delhi recorded a severe AQI of over 400, marking the air quality as distinctly unbreathable.
• Protests: On November 9, citizens of Delhi protested against deteriorating air quality, with many being detained.

Environmental Disasters

• Flash Floods in Uttarkashi:

Summary of Key Facts and Developments on Maoist Activities and Government Response

Maoist Leadership and Operations:

• The killing of Madvi Hidma, a prominent Maoist leader, marks a significant development in anti-Maoist operations by the Telangana Police's Greyhounds in the Maredumilli forest of Alluri Sitarama Raju district.
• This event indicates a potential decline in Maoist activitie

Groundwater Contamination Crisis in India

Overview

• Groundwater Dependency: 600 million people in India rely on groundwater for drinking and irrigation.
• Contamination Statistics:
  • Annual Groundwater Quality Report (2024): Nearly 1/5 of samples from 440 districts exceed safe contamination limits.
  • Over 30% of samples in Punjab show uranium levels above permissible

Summary of Air Pollution in India and China: Comparative Analysis

Current Situation of Air Pollution in India

• Persistent air pollution, particularly in northern cities like Delhi, worsens during winter months due to meteorological factors and external triggers such as stubble burning and fireworks.
• Coastal cities, including Mumbai, also face high pollution levels attributed to indust

Key Highlights from Sentinel-6B Launch

Mission Overview

• Launch Date: Recent launch from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California.
• Vehicle: Sentinel-6B, an ocean-tracking satellite.

Technical Specifications

• Speed: Orbits Earth at 7.2 km/s.
• Orbit Period: Completes one revolution every 112 minutes.
• Instruments: Equipped with six science instruments for var

Summary of Key Points from the Article

Metro Rail Projects in Tamil Nadu:

• The Union government's rejection of Metro projects for Coimbatore and Madurai due to non-fulfillment of eligibility criteria specified in the 2017 Metro Rail Policy.
• Eligibility requirement: A city must have a population of at least 2 million to qualify for Metro Rail projects, based on **2011 Census dat

Exam-Focused Summary: Bangladesh Political Crisis and International Implications

1. Context of the Verdict
   • Sheikh Hasina, former Prime Minister of Bangladesh, faces a death sentence for crimes against humanity related to the violent crackdown on student protests in 2024, marking significant political volatility.
   • The trial's speed and opacity have raised questions about the fairn

Air Pollution in India and Lessons from China

Overview

• Air Pollution Problem: Northern India faces severe air pollution, particularly in winter due to smog. Coastal cities like Mumbai also experience high pollution levels from industrial and vehicular emissions.
• Meteorological Factors: Factors like wind direction and low temperatures, along with farm stubble burning and firec

Summary of Fossil Discovery in Spitsbergen

Key Findings:

• Location: Spitsbergen in the Svalbard archipelago.
• Discovery: More than 30,000 fossils (teeth, bones, coprolites) from approximately 249 million years ago.
• Species Diversity: Fossils represent a wide range of marine reptiles, amphibians, bony fish, and sharks.

Significance of the Discovery:

• **Early

Key Highlights on India’s Decarbonization Financing Needs

1. Decarbonization Estimates:
   • Former Minister Jayant Sinha stated that India needs an additional $50 billion to $100 billion in corporate capital expenditure over this decade to achieve significant decarbonization.
   • A report by Rakesh Mohan and Janak Raj estimated India’s annual climate finance requirement between **20

• Incident Overview: Chhattisgarh Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) apprehended two juveniles in Raipur linked to a Pakistan-based ISIS module that attempted to radicalize them.

• Radicalization Techniques: The Pakistani handlers operated social media accounts under fake identities, specifically utilizing Instagram, to disseminate ISIS ideology, incite anti-India activities, and spread extremist

Summary of World Happiness Report Insights

World Happiness Ranking:

• Finland ranks as the happiest country for the eighth consecutive year (2025 World Happiness Report).
• India ranks 118th with a score of 4.389 out of 10, while Pakistan ranks 109th despite its economic difficulties.

Economic Context:

• India has a GDP of $3.7 trillion, making it

Summary Notes on the Death of Madvi Hidma and its Implications

Key Facts:

• Date of Encounter: Madvi Hidma, a prominent commander of the CPI (Maoist) and the sole tribal leader in the organization, was killed by Andhra Pradesh Police.
• Background: Hidma, recruited as a child fighter in 1991, ascended the ranks to become a significant figure in the Maoist movement in India.

**Ca

Exam-Focused Notes on India-US Energy Trade Developments

Energy Trade Agreement:

• India has signed a one-year structured deal for the import of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from the United States, termed a "historic first" by Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri.
• The deal amounts to approximately 2.2 million tonnes per annum (MTPA), constituting around 10% of India’s annual LPG impor

• Key Meeting: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Russian President Vladimir Putin at the Kremlin. The meeting focused on discussing the preparations for the upcoming India-Russia annual summit and regional/global developments.

• India-Russia Summit:

  • Scheduled for December 5, 2025.
  • This will be the 23rd annual summit between India and Russia.

• Participants:

  • Jais

Kerala High Court Ruling on Voting Rights for Mental Health Rehabilitation Centre Residents

Judicial Ruling:

• The Kerala High Court, led by Justice P.V. Kunhikrishnan, ruled that individuals residing in mental health rehabilitation centres have the right to vote, barring any disqualifications decreed by a competent court.

Constitutional References:

• The ruling emphasizes the recogn

Supreme Court Judgment on Ex Post Facto Environmental Clearances

Overview

• Judgment Date: November 18, 2025
• The Supreme Court revisited its May 16, 2025 judgment regarding retrospective Environmental Clearances (ECs).

Key Judgments

1. Initial Ruling (May 16, 2025):
   • Declared ex post facto ECs as a "gross illegality."
   • Struck down 2017 notifications and 2021 offi

Summary of the Culmination Ceremony of the 75th Anniversary of the National Sample Survey (NSS) and World Statistics Day 2025

Date & Location

• November 18, 2025, Udaipur, India.

Organizing Body

• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

Key Highlights

• Culmination ceremony celebrating 75 years of NSS.
• Recognition of contributions from NSS field staff, s

Key Highlights from the Culmination Ceremony of the 75th Anniversary of NSS and World Statistics Day 2025

Event Overview:

• Organizer: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
• Date: 18 November 2025.
• Location: Udaipur.
• Participants: Approximately 700 attendees including NSS field staff, MoSPI officials, National Statistical Commission members, and

Summary of Key Points from the Special Session on Maintenance and Welfare of Parents & Senior Citizens Act, 2007

Constitutional and Legal Framework

• Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act, 2007: This Act provides a legal framework to ensure the welfare and protection of senior citizens, mandating that children and specified relatives are obliged to provid

Key Highlights from the Bangladesh Tribunal Verdict on Sheikh Hasina

Judicial Ruling

• Verdict: Sheikh Hasina, former Prime Minister of Bangladesh, found guilty of crimes against humanity by the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT).
• Charges:
  • Incitement Order: Convicted for issuing an order leading to a crackdown during a student-led uprising, resulting in violence and l